Page 86 - New Grammar with a Smile 8

Function
The functions of the past participle are similar to those of the present participle.

1. It is primarily used as an adjective to a noun, attributively. For example,
• They had difficulty identifying the drowned man.

• Interested applicants may apply.

2. It can be used as the subject or the object complement of a verb. For example,
• I want the work done now. (object complement to the verb want)

• This candidate seems interested. (subject complement to the verb seems)
Note the complete change in meaning if the corresponding present participle is
substituted for the past participle in the second sentence—

• This candidate seems interesting.

The difference lies in the difference between the adjectives interesting and
interested.

Again, it is very useful when talking about the first of the two events which are
described in a sentence in passive voice. For example,
• Angered/Being angered by her rude words, he walked away. (= because he
was angered)

• Disappointed/Being disappointed that he hadn’t understood her intention, she
too walked away. (= because she was disappointed)

In this case, the first event is invariably the cause of the second one.

Having been + the past participle is used in the sentences for the action which had
been completed before the next action started. Please note that such expressions are
in the passive voice. For example,
• Having been disqualified twice, he dropped the idea of becoming a doctor.
(= Because he had been disqualified twice, he dropped the idea of becoming
a doctor.)

B. Join these pairs of sentences using participles.

1. The thief cut through the padlock. He opened the door and stole the jewels.

2. The pilot swerved sharply. She managed to avoid landing on water.

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