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Direct Speech is when we state or write exactly what someone else has said.

              Indirect speech is the form we use to speak about what others tell us.

              Rules

              1.  Reported speech of the direct narration is always enclosed within inverted
                  commas. Indirect speech is never enclosed within inverted commas.

              2.  When the reported speech is an assertive sentence, the conjunction that is used
                  to introduce the reported speech.
              3.  When transforming a sentence from direct to indirect speech, the tenses of finite
                  verbs, personal pronouns and adverbs of time and place generally change.


              4.  Tenses and adverbs of time and place are determined by the tense of the
                  reporting verb.
              For example,

              •  Mohan said, ‘I am going to market tomorrow to buy some clothes.’

                  Mohan said that he was going to market the next day to buy some clothes.



              Assertive Sentences


              Change in Tenses


                              Direct Speech                                 Indirect Speech

                 Simple Present                                 Simple Past

                 He said, ‘I study every day.’                  He said that he studied every day.

                 Present Continuous                             Past Continuous

                 She said, ‘He is playing the violin.’          She said that he was playing the violin.

                 Present Perfect                                Past Perfect

                 He said, ‘I have visited Delhi twice.’         He said that he had visited Delhi twice.

                 Present Perfect Continuous                     Past Perfect Continuous

                 Jimmy said, ‘I have been failing in            Jimmy said that he had been failing in
                 Maths far too often.’                          Maths far too often.

                 Simple Past                                    Past Perfect
                 Lara said, ‘Frank bought a new car.’           Lara said that Frank had bought a new
                                                                car.




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